Schlagwort: Rüdiger Wolfrum

Mein Aufenthalt am MPIL: Der Beginn einer Weltreise

My Stay at the MPIL: The Beginning of a World Journey

Deutsch

Als ich im Sommer 1991 aus meiner Heimat Südafrika nach Deutschland kam, gab es große Veränderungen im Land, in der Region und in der Welt. Es war die Zeit kurz nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung, des Zusammenbruchs der ehemaligen Sowjetunion, der Invasion Kuwaits durch den Irak und des Krieges im ehemaligen Jugoslawien. Es war auch eine Zeit großer Veränderungen und Herausforderungen in Südafrika, als sich das Land auf seine ersten demokratischen Wahlen und den Übergang von der weißen Minderheitsregierung zur konstitutionellen Demokratie vorbereitete.

Es war für mich aber auch eine Zeit eigenen intellektuellen Wandels, nachdem ich an das Institut (damals noch in der Berliner Straße untergebracht) gekommen war, um für meine Doktorarbeit über die Bedeutung des deutschen Sozialstaatsprinzips für die künftige südafrikanische Verfassung zu forschen. Während in den 1980er Jahren mehrere südafrikanische Wissenschaftler am Institut tätig waren, war ich zu dieser Zeit eine der wenigen südafrikanischen Wissenschaftlerinnen, die die Gelegenheit zu einem Forschungsaufenthalt hatten. Ich war erst 23 Jahre alt und hatte gerade mein Jurastudium in Freistaat in Südafrika abgeschlossen. Für mich waren die fast zwei Jahre am Institut von Spätsommer 1991 bis zum Frühjahr 1993 prägend – und ein Quantensprung in meiner intellektuellen Entwicklung, der sich letztlich entscheidend auf meinen beruflichen Werdegang auswirkte.

Deutsche erklären die Welt? Einblicke in die Diskussions- und Wissenschaftskultur am MPIL der 1990er

Mehrheitlich Männer. Referentenbesprechung in der Berliner Straße 1985

Da ich von einer kleinen, regionalen juristischen Fakultät in Südafrika kam, zu einer Zeit, als das Land aufgrund der Apartheidpolitik politisch noch sehr isoliert war und der akademische Austausch und das kritische Denken dort auf viele Hindernisse stießen, ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass ich meine Heidelberger Umgebung anfangs als einschüchternd und befreiend zugleich empfand. Meine deutschen Sprachkenntnisse waren damals noch sehr begrenzt (im Wesentlichen erworben während zweier intensiver Studienmonate im Sommer 1991 am Goethe-Institut in Schwäbisch Hall) und reichten noch nicht aus, um schwierige deutsche Rechtstexte zu lesen. Auch auf dem Gebiet der Rechtsvergleichung, des Völkerrechts und des Auftretens auf der internationalen akademischen Bühne klafften große Wissens- und Erfahrungslücken. Es konnte daher einschüchternd sein, mit gut ausgebildeten und oft weit gereisten und kultivierten (damals überwiegend männlichen) wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeitenden über eine Vielzahl von rechtlichen und gesellschaftlichen Fragen zu diskutieren.

Manchmal allerdings wünschte ich mir sogar, dass diese Kollegen eher bereit wären, unvoreingenommen zuzuhören, statt sich gleich über hochkomplexe politische und juristische Zusammenhänge in fernen Ländern – mit denen sie persönlich nur wenig Erfahrung hatten – zu äußern, so belesen sie auch zu einem bestimmten Thema sein mochten. Gleichzeitig war es befreiend, sich in einem Umfeld zu befinden, in dem eine fundierte Debatte eine Selbstverständlichkeit war. Darüber hinaus waren diese Diskussionen wichtig, um zu lernen, sich zu behaupten – oft als einzige Frau in der Gruppe (zu einer Zeit, als es kaum ein Bewusstsein für die unbewussten Vorurteile gab, die mit solchen Konstellationen einhergehen) – und dazu in einer Fremdsprache. Darüber hinaus wurde das Bewusstsein dafür geschärft, wie wichtig eine solide Debatte in Verbindung mit Toleranz (einschließlich der Bereitschaft aufmerksam zuzuhören) ist, um eine nuancierte, ausgewogene und tiefgründige akademische Forschung zu fördern. Diese aus meiner Sicht unerlässliche Qualität ist zum Zeitpunkt des Verfassens dieses Beitrags leider zunehmend eine Seltenheit auch an vielen intellektuellen Elite-Institutionen geworden, unter anderem aufgrund des zerstörerischen Einflusses der sozialen Medien, die darauf abzielen, zu polarisieren und zu ‚canceln‘ und damit die Grundlagen der akademischen Freiheit und des demokratischen Diskurses zu untergraben.

Eine lebenslange Verbindung. Der bleibende Einfluss des MPIL

Legendäre Buchbestände. Bibliothekarin Marlies Bornträger 1985 (Foto: MPIL)

Wichtig war für mich damals die enge soziale Interaktion mit den wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeitenden und einem ganz allgemein sehr unterstützenden Umfeld, wozu auch die damaligen Direktoren beitrugen. Zu dieser Zeit wurde das Institut von Jochen Abr. Frowein und dem mittlerweile verstorbenen Rudolf Bernhardt geleitet. Es gab auch eine kurze Überschneidung mit Rüdiger Wolfrum vor meiner Abreise im Jahr 1993, als er die Nachfolge von Rudolf Bernhardt als Direktor des Instituts antrat. Sowohl Jochen Frowein als auch Rüdiger Wolfrum blieben sehr interessiert an meiner Karriere und unterstützten sie. Zum Beispiel hatte ich nach der Unabhängigkeit des Südsudan im Jahr 2011 die Gelegenheit, mit Rüdiger Wolfrum und seinem Team bei der Beratung zur Verfassungsreform im Südsudan und später auch Sudan zusammenzuarbeiten und dabei auch auf die Erfahrungen Südafrikas in den 1990er Jahren zurückzugreifen.  Als große Ehre habe ich empfunden, dass ich im Jahr 2020 (zusammen mit Kathrin Maria Scherr) die Herausgeberschaft des Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (UNYB) übernehmen durfte, welches im Jahre 1997 von Jochen Frowein und Rüdiger Wolfrum begründet worden war. Der Einfluss ihrer Forschung auf meine eigene Arbeit und die herausragende Rolle des Völkerrechts in der Arbeit des Instituts im Allgemeinen führten ferner dazu, dass sich mein Hauptforschungsinteresse im Laufe der neunziger Jahre vom vergleichenden Verfassungsrecht zum Völkerrecht verlagerte.

Ein weiterer einzigartiger Aspekt des Instituts war und ist der legendäre Bibliotheksbestand, sowohl in Bezug auf das vergleichende öffentliche Recht als auch auf das Völkerrecht. Wissenschaftler (sowohl junge als auch etablierte) aus ganz Europa und darüber hinaus besuchten die Bibliothek vor allem in den Sommermonaten, was zu einer sehr lebendigen Gemeinschaft von Wissenschaftlern des öffentlichen Rechts und des Völkerrechts führte, die zu dieser Zeit wahrscheinlich einzigartig in Europa war. Der sich daraus ergebende Austausch versorgte auch das akademische Personal des Instituts mit einer Fülle von Informationen, die sowohl für die eigene Forschung als auch für die Arbeit des Instituts insgesamt relevant waren. Der Wissenstransfer, der in und um die Bibliothek herum stattfand, war also eine Zweibahnstraße und von grundlegender Bedeutung zu einer Zeit, als es noch kaum digitale Ressourcen und Kommunikation gab. Für mich persönlich war es auch ein Anstoß, weitere internationale Erfahrungen zu sammeln und neue Horizonte zu erkunden. Ich hatte auch das große Glück, Matthias Herdegen, ehemaliger Referent am Institut und damals Professor an der Universität Konstanz, kennenzulernen. Wegen sein Interesse an den verfassungsrechtlichen Entwicklungen in Südafrika nahm er Kontakt zu mir auf und der Austausch entwickelte sich zu einer nachhaltigen, bis heute andauernde Zusammenarbeit.

Es fiel mir sehr schwer, Heidelberg im Frühjahr 1993 zu verlassen, aber ich hatte das große Glück, die Verbindung zum Institut und zur Stadt in den folgenden Jahren aufrechtzuerhalten, sei es durch anschließende Forschungsaufenthalte, die von der Alexander‑von‑Humboldt‑Stiftung gefördert wurden, oder durch die Teilnahme an einer Reihe von wissenschaftlichen Veranstaltungen und persönlichen Kontakten die sich bis heute gehalten haben. In den letzten Jahren hat sich meine Verbundenheit auch auf die von Rüdiger Wolfrum 2013, nach seiner Emeritierung als Direktor am Institut, gegründete Max‑Planck‑Stiftung für Internationalen Frieden und Rechtsstaatlichkeit ausgeweitet, deren Projekte zur Verfassungsreform global Anerkennung gefunden haben. Durch meine Tätigkeit im Scientific and Development Policy Advisory Committee und als Mitherausgeberin des UNYB, das nun unter der Leitung der Stiftung herausgegeben wird, konnte ich eine Verbindung zur Max‑Planck‑Community aufrechterhalten. Diese langjährige Verbindung ist seit über dreißig Jahren eine Bereicherung, welche ich auch in Zukunft zu pflegen versuchen werde.

English

When I came to Germany from my country of origin South Africa in the summer of 1991, there were major changes in the country, the region, and the world. It was the time shortly after German reunification, the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, and the war in the former Yugoslavia. It was also a time of great change and challenges in South Africa as the country prepared for its first democratic elections and the transition from white minority rule to constitutional democracy.

But it was also a time of my own personal intellectual transformation after coming to the Institute (at the time, still housed in Berliner Straße) to do research for my doctoral thesis on the significance of the German Sozialstaatsprinzip (“welfare state principle”) for the future South African constitution. While there had been several South African scholars working at the Institute in the 1980s, during the early 1990s I was one of few South African academics who had the opportunity for a research visit in Heidelberg. I was only 23 years old and had just completed my law degree in Free State, South Africa. For me, the almost two years at the Institute from late summer 1991 to spring 1993 were formative – and a quantum leap in my intellectual development, which ultimately had a decisive impact on my professional career.

Germans Explaining the World? Insights into the Scientific and Discursive Culture at the MPIL in the 1990s

Men in the majority. “Referentenbesprechung” in the institute building in Berliner Straße in 1985 (photo: MPIL)

Coming from a small, regional law faculty in South Africa, at a time when the country was still very isolated politically due to apartheid and academic exchange and critical thinking in South African society faced many obstacles, it is not surprising that I initially found my Heidelberg environment simultaneously intimidating and liberating. My German language skills were still very limited (mainly acquired during two months of intensive study at the Goethe Institute in Schwäbisch Hall in the summer of 1991) and were not yet sufficient to read difficult German legal texts. There were also large gaps in my knowledge and experience in the fields of comparative law, international law, and on how to handle oneself in the environment of international academia. It could therefore be intimidating to discuss a wide range of legal and social issues with the well-educated, often well-travelled and cultured (and at that time predominantly male) academic staff.

Sometimes, however, I did wish that these colleagues would have been more willing to listen with an open mind instead of immediately commenting on highly complex political and legal issues in distant countries – with which they had little personal experience – however well‑read they might have been on a particular topic. At the same time, it was liberating to be in an environment where informed debate was a matter of course. Moreover, these discussions were important for learning to assert myself – often as the only woman in the group (at a time when there was little awareness of the unconscious bias associated with such constellations) – and in a foreign language. Furthermore, my awareness was raised for the importance of robust debate combined with tolerance (including a willingness to listen carefully) to promote nuanced, balanced, and deep academic research. This, in my view, essential quality has, at the time of writing, sadly become increasingly rare even at many elite scholarly institutions, in part due to the destructive influence of social media, which aims to polarise and ‘cancel’, undermining the foundations of academic freedom and democratic discourse.

A Lifelong Connection. The Lasting Influence of the MPIL

Legendary libary collection. Librarian Marlies Bornträger in 1985 (Photo: MPIL)

Of great significance to me at the time was the close social interaction with the scientific staff and a generally very supportive environment, which was also contributed to by the directors. At the time, the institute was headed by Jochen Abr. Frowein and the late Rudolf Bernhardt. There was also a brief overlap with Rüdiger Wolfrum before my departure in 1993, when he succeeded Rudolf Bernhardt as Director of the Institute. Both Jochen Frowein and Rüdiger Wolfrum remained very interested in and supportive of my career. For example, after the independence of South Sudan in 2011, I had the opportunity to work with Rüdiger Wolfrum and his team in advising on constitutional reform in South Sudan and later Sudan, drawing on South Africa’s experience in the 1990s.  It was a great honour for me to take over the editorship of the Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (UNYB) in 2020 (together with Kathrin Maria Scherr), which had been founded in 1997 by Jochen Frowein and Rüdiger Wolfrum. The influence of their research on my own work and the prominent role of international law in the work of the Institute in general also led to my main research interest shifting from comparative constitutional law to international law over the course of the 1990s.

Another unique aspect of the institute was and is its legendary library collection, both in terms of comparative public law and international law. Researchers (young as well as established) from all over Europe and beyond visited the library, especially during the summer months, resulting in a very lively community of scholars of public law and international law, probably unique in Europe at the time. The ensuing exchange also provided the Institute’s academic staff with a wealth of information that was relevant both for their own research and for the work of the Institute as a whole. The transfer of knowledge that took place in and around the library was therefore a two-way street and of fundamental importance at a time when digital resources and communication were scarce. For me personally, it was also an impetus to gain further international experience and explore new horizons. I was also very fortunate to meet Matthias Herdegen, former research fellow at the Institute and at the time Professor at the University of Konstanz. He established contact due to his interest in the constitutional developments in South Africa and our exchange developed into a lasting collaboration that continues to this day.

Leaving Heidelberg in the spring of 1993 was difficult for me, but I was very fortunate to maintain my connection to the Institute and the city in the years that followed, through subsequent research stays funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and participation in several academic events, as well as via personal contacts that have lasted to this day. In recent years, my ties have also extended to the Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law, which was founded by Rüdiger Wolfrum in 2013 after his retirement as Director of the institute and whose projects on constitutional reform have received global recognition. Through my work on the Scientific and Development Policy Advisory Committee and as co-editor in chief of the UNYB, which is now published under the auspices of the Foundation, I have been able to maintain a link with the Max Planck community. This long-standing connection has been an enrichment for over thirty years, and I will endeavour to maintain it in the future.

 

Translation from the German original: Sarah Gebel

Gazing at Europe: The Epistemic Authority of the MPIL

For the general international lawyer, neither specialized in EU law nor in European human rights law (never mind German public law), the assignment to discuss what the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law (MPIL) has done for EU law, European human rights law and German public law assumes impossible dimensions: one might (almost) as well have asked me what the influence of NASA on the development of the US military has been. Plus, it is tempting to refer to the wise, if possibly apocryphal, words of Zhou En Lai when asked about the effects of the French revolution: it might be too early to tell… And yet, on closer scrutiny (and a different level of abstraction), it becomes plausible to sketch some contours, whether deriving from training, practical involvement, or theorizing.

It is generally acknowledged that the center of gravity of the MPIL has always rested with general international law; indeed, the appointment, in 2002, of Armin von Bogdandy as one of the directors, with a background more pronounced in both EU law and international trade law, may have raised a few eyebrows at the time. That is not to say no forays had been made into EU law and especially European human rights law: previous directors Rudolf Bernhardt and Jochen Frowein can justifiably claim to have been among the pioneers in that field. But even so, the MPIL was always more about international law than about EU law or even human rights law, all the more so once those disciplines started the slow separation process from international law. If in the 1960s it still made sense to view EU law as part of international law, by the late 1980s this had become considerably less plausible, and much the same applies, with a little time lag perhaps, to European human rights law. Others on this blog have indicated that, e.g., the ‘black series’ (Schwarze Reihe) of MPIL monographs and collective volumes, hugely impressive as it is, contains relatively little on both EU law and European human rights law, and much the same applies to the annals of the Heidelberg Journal of International Law (Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht).

Some Reproduction, Some Socialization

As far as training goes, large numbers of German public lawyers, EU lawyers and international lawyers must have passed through the MPIL at one stage of their career or another, either for a shorter stay or for a period of several years as research fellow. Having sometimes addressed some of them en groupe, it is reasonable to conclude that the best of them (in terms of professional skills) are very, very good indeed. There was a time – and perhaps there still is – when the external relations section of the EU’s legal service was staffed with many MPIL alumni; and personal experience suggests that rarely a group of lawyers can have had such a critical mass within an institution. By the same token, many German Foreign Office lawyers must have passed through MPIL, and many of the current generation of established German international law professors have spent considerable periods of time as well: think only of Jochen von Bernstorff, Isabel Feichtner, Matthias Goldmann, Nele Matz‑Lück, or Andreas Zimmermann – and I am probably omitting many more from the list than I should in polite company.

It is too easy to suggest that having passed through MPIL, these individuals transmit MPIL values and methods and ways of thinking on to the next generation (in the case of the professors) or to their colleagues (in the case of the civil servants – the distinction is blurry to begin with). On the other hand, it would also be far too easy to suggest that no transmission of values, methods and ways of thinking takes place; a strong case can made for legal education (and this includes doctoral and post‑doctoral training) as a process of socialization, where pupils first sit at their master’s feet and then become masters having their pupils themselves. Reproduction will rarely be total, but some reproduction, some socialization, will be present, all the more so when the training is high‑level.

And this is not limited to Germans working in Germany alone. MPIL alumni spend time in international organizations; those who come from abroad may end up working for their home governments, and some successful German international law academics based outside Germany have a strong background in the MPIL: think of Jutta Brunnée in Toronto, Nico Krisch in Geneva, or Ingo Venzke and Stephan Schill in Amsterdam – and again I am likely missing more than a few. In other words, in much the same way as the Chicago School of Economics has been (or still is) a training ground for economists worldwide, and Harvard Law School can credibly be seen as a global finishing school for legal practice (something the same school tries to emulate for a certain class of academics through its Institute for Global Law and Policy), so too has the MPIL delivered generations of international lawyers; therewith, it exercises considerable epistemic authority.

Rudolf Bernhardt as a Judge at the ECHR[1]

Such epistemic authority has also been exercised (and is still exercised) through involvement in practice. At least three of the German judges on the International Court of Justice over the last 60 years or so have spent a considerable period of time at the MPIL: Hermann Mosler (even as a director), Carl‑August Fleischhauer, and the current German judge, Georg Nolte. Hans‑Peter Kaul, another MPIL alumnus, was one of the judges at the International Criminal Court (which he helped create as well). Rüdiger Wolfrum, for two decades or so director of the MPIL, has spent many years at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and helped arbitrate a handful of disputes before the Permanent Court of Arbitration, while two other erstwhile directors (Bernhardt and Frowein) were members of the (now defunct) European Commission on Human Rights. More recently, Angelika Nussberger has been a judge at the European Court of Human Rights, while current director Anne Peters has been a member of the Council of Europe’s Venice Commission, tasked with promoting and evaluating the rule of law in the Council’s member states. Tongue‑in‑cheek it may be added that the other current director, Armin von Bogdandy, has served as the President of the OECD’s Nuclear Energy Tribunal, although this Tribunal, like some others in the international sphere, has yet to receive any cases.

Thinking and Re-Thinking International Law – and Europe’s Public Order

But perhaps the most obvious form epistemic authority can take, with academic institutions, is the thinking and re‑thinking of what goes on in the world. German legal scholarship is traditionally very good at this, but within the German tradition, the MPIL still stands out. Anne Peters has done much (in particular before her tenure at the MPIL commenced) to re‑think the global order as a constitutional legal order, more or less continuing the tradition going back at least to Hermann Mosler. Mosler famously imagined international society as a legal society, rather than, as was common when he wrote, as a fairly random collection of billiard balls, bound together by not much more than self‑interest and balances of power or, at best, by a shared sense of anarchy. And it is hardly an exaggeration to claim that Peters during her tenure has done much to re‑position the individual in the international legal order and has almost single‑handedly created a novel sub‑discipline within international law, in the form of animal law.

For his part, Armin von Bogdandy is responsible not only for guiding a re‑conceptualization of the field of international organizations law concentrating on the exercise of public authority on the international level, but also, more appropriate to the current assignment, for systematizing ideas about Europe’s public order and for identifying principles of European constitutional law.

Perhaps the main work to be referred to here is the monumental Principles of European Constitutional Law (co-edited with Jürgen Bast), conceived when the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was on the agenda but outliving that particular event: the principles identified – and more broadly the field of European constitutional law – do not require a particular constitutional document to retain their validity. One point to note though is that, being principles of constitutional law, they pertain more to the relationship between the EU and both its citizens and its member states, than to other matters. These constitutional principles include equal liberty, the rule of law, democracy, and solidarity, as well as principles of Union unity, respect for diversity among the member states, and the wonderful (and wonderfully intriguing) principle of Gemeinschaftstreue. The list is persusasive, and derives from a number of sources, including the case‑law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).

Arguably though, not unlike a Rubik’s cube, a constitutional order has other sides as well. This has become considerably clearer after the book first saw the light, with the CJEU making much of a principle of autonomy in a case such as Achmea. And as autonomy is always a relational notion, the autonomy here is not so much autonomy vis‑à‑vis the member states, but rather the autonomy of EU law (its legal order) vis‑à‑vis competing legal orders.

Be that as it may, and despite the circumstance that such exercises always have a relatively high von‑Münchausen‑quality (a system pulling itself up by its own hair, so to speak), thinking of the EU in terms of constitutional principles was rather novel at the time, and has stood the test of time, at least thus far: the principles identified seem to have become generally accepted as such in the intervening two decades – and that marks quite an achievement.

Great Epistemic Power, Great Epistemic Responsibility

Armin von Bogdandy at the Max-Planck-Tag 2018[2]

So, it seems clear that MPIL exercises considerable epistemic authority: through training, through legal practice, through its research work. There is (ironically perhaps) always a price to pay: epistemic authority is rarely legitimated by considerations of democracy or the Rule of Law; instead, it takes place when democracy proves inert, or paralyzed, or disinterested. And of course some things cannot be democratically decided on to begin with: one cannot meaningfully legislate a ‘principle of solidarity’, e.g., or perhaps even ‘legislate’ principles to begin with. It may be possible to enact rules embodying solidarity, but principles are generally too evasive to be legislated. And this, in turn, suggests that much comes to depend on the individuals exercising epistemic authority: with great epistemic power comes great epistemic responsibility, to paraphrase an old maxim.

Even so, things could hardly be otherwise. An institution such as the MPIL is bound to exercise epistemic authority, whether it wants to or not. Bringing excellent scholars together, training them, sending them out in the world, participating in governance, and re‑thinking the law and legal orders: how could this, if done properly (or even improperly) not be authoritative? It may well be that the contribution of MPIL to international law has been more obvious than its contribution to EU law or European human rights law, but gazing at Europe nonetheless reveals something to reflect upon.

[1] Photo: ECHR.

[2] Photo: MPIL.

Suggested Citation:

Jan Klabbers, Gazing at Europe. The Epistemic Authority of the MPI, MPIL100.de, DOI: 10.17176/20240318-143111-0

Lizenz: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED